| The Nobel Prizes are universally regarded as the | | | | They discovered telomeres, which are created in the |
| most prestigious and renowned awards given for | | | | reproduction sequences of DNA at the ends of |
| intellectual performance in the world. The Nobel | | | | chromosomes that helps in protecting the purity of |
| Foundation started in 1900 based on the will and | | | | the chromosomal DNA, and discovered the enzyme |
| testament of Alfred Nobel written on 27th | | | | telomerase, which builds the telomeres. |
| November 1895. As per his wish, the award should be | | | | Their work revealed some of the basic secrets about |
| given to those who make outstanding contributions | | | | functioning of cells. Their studies were also applicable |
| to the mankind in the five areas, Physics, Chemistry, | | | | to cancer biology as cancer cells have excessively |
| Medicine or Physiology, Literature, and Peace, while | | | | active telomerase, which makes them to divide |
| Economics category added later in 1968. | | | | uncontrollably. |
| Nobel Prize in Physics: | | | | Nobel Prize in Literature |
| Nobel Prize in physics for 2009 was awarded to | | | | The 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to |
| three people. Charles K. Kao of china was awarded | | | | Herta Müller of Germany. She is the 12th |
| half of prize for his innovative achievements dealing | | | | woman in 108 years to receive Nobel Prize for |
| with the transmission of light in fibers for optical | | | | literature. Mueller, a representative of Romania's |
| communication. Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith | | | | ethnic German minority, was honored for her work |
| of USA shared remaining half value of prize equally | | | | as described by Nobel foundation "with the |
| for the discovery of CCD sensor, an imaging | | | | concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, |
| semiconductor circuit. | | | | depicts the landscape of the dispossessed," |
| In 1966, Charles K. Kao carefully worked on how to | | | | Nobel Peace Prize |
| transmit light covering long distances through optical | | | | The Nobel Peace Prize for 2009 was awarded to |
| glass fibers. He discovered that fiber of purest glass | | | | Barack H. Obama who is the 44th President of the |
| could transmit light signals over 100 kilometers, which | | | | United States of America for his outstanding efforts |
| was an innovation in fiber optics technology. | | | | to establish international diplomacy and cooperation |
| In 1969, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith | | | | between people. The Committee also gave special |
| discovered the first outstanding imaging technology | | | | significance to Obama's vision and his work for a |
| using a digital sensor, a CCD. The CCD is a digital | | | | world without nuclear weapons. After this |
| camera's electronic eye, which revolutionized the way | | | | announcement, some people raised their concern that |
| how images were gathered from spacecraft, by | | | | the decision had come too early, before any |
| telescopes, in medical imaging, and finally replaced the | | | | significant achievements were made in his foreign |
| film camera in whole aspects of photography. | | | | policy. However, many world leaders were supportive |
| Nobel Prize in Chemistry: | | | | of the award. Some raised their concern that the |
| Nobel Prize in chemistry for 2009 was awarded | | | | prize was awarded to encourage the US leader early |
| jointly to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan of USA, | | | | in his presidency. |
| Thomas A. Steitz of USA and Ada E. Yonath of | | | | Nobel Prize in Economics |
| Israel for their research on the structure and function | | | | The Nobel Prize in Economics for 2009 was awarded |
| of the ribosome. | | | | jointly to Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson of |
| The three scientists created atom-by-atom maps of | | | | USA. It was awarded to Elinor Ostrom for her |
| the hidden, life-giving ribosome, which helped | | | | studies on economic governance, mainly in the |
| researchers to develop powerful new antibiotics. | | | | commons and to Oliver E. Williamson for his studies |
| They used three-dimensional models to illustrate how | | | | on economic governance, particularly in an |
| antibiotics attach to the ribosome. These models are | | | | organization. |
| used to develop new antibiotics, depending on the | | | | Elinor Ostrom was the first woman to win a Nobel |
| interpretation of the molecular structure and | | | | Prize in economics. Ostrom showed how common |
| framework of the ribosomes in every cell. | | | | resources like forests, fisheries, oil fields or grazing |
| Nobel Prize in Medicine | | | | lands can be managed well by the people who use |
| Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, and Jack W. | | | | them, instead of governments or private companies. |
| Szostak of USA shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine | | | | Williamson, focused on how firms and markets differ |
| for 2009. It was awarded for the discovery of how | | | | in the methods they solve conflicts. He found that |
| chromosomes are guarded by telomeres and the | | | | companies could resolve conflicts better than |
| enzyme telomerase. | | | | markets when competition is fixed. |